Impact of Domestic Violence on Children: Short and Long-Term Effects

Domestic violence is a pervasive issue that affects individuals across all demographics. However, children exposed to domestic violence face unique challenges that can have both immediate and long-lasting effects on their physical, emotional, and psychological well-being. This article critically examines the impact of domestic violence on children, integrating an intersectional and anti-racist perspective, and drawing on peer-reviewed research to provide a comprehensive understanding of the issue.

Short-Term Effects on Children

Children who witness domestic violence often experience immediate emotional and behavioural repercussions. These short-term effects can manifest in various ways, including:

1. Emotional Distress: Anxiety, fear, and confusion are common among children who witness domestic violence. They may feel guilty, blame themselves for the violence, or experience constant worry about their safety and the safety of the abused parent. This emotional turmoil can lead to mood swings, irritability, and feelings of helplessness.

2. Behavioural Problems: Exposure to violence can lead to aggressive behaviour, disobedience, and temper tantrums. Some children may also exhibit withdrawal, becoming isolated and uncommunicative. These behavioural issues can interfere with their social interactions and development, leading to problems with peer relationships and authority figures.

3. Academic Difficulties: The stress and distraction caused by domestic violence can impair a child's ability to concentrate and perform well in school. Frequent absences due to family turmoil can exacerbate these academic challenges. Teachers may notice a decline in performance, increased absenteeism, and difficulty participating in class activities.

4. Physical Symptoms: Stress and anxiety from witnessing violence can manifest physically, resulting in headaches, stomach aches, and other stress-related illnesses. These symptoms can further affect a child's ability to engage in daily activities and may lead to increased visits to healthcare providers.

5. Sleep Disturbances: Nightmares, insomnia, and bedwetting are common among children exposed to domestic violence, disrupting their overall health and development. Lack of adequate sleep can impair cognitive functioning and emotional regulation, contributing to further behavioural and academic difficulties.

6. Attachment Issues: Children exposed to domestic violence may develop insecure attachment styles. This can lead to difficulties in forming healthy relationships with caregivers and peers. Insecure attachment can manifest as clinginess, fear of abandonment, or difficulty trusting others.

Long-Term Effects on Children

The long-term effects of domestic violence on children can be profound and enduring, affecting their development and shaping their future relationships and mental health. Key long-term impacts include:

1. Emotional and Psychological Issues: Long-term exposure to domestic violence is linked to an increased risk of developing depression, anxiety disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in later life (Dube et al., 2002). These mental health issues can persist into adulthood, impacting overall quality of life and functioning.

2. Relationship Difficulties: Children who grow up in violent homes may struggle with forming healthy relationships as adults. They might replicate abusive behaviours or become victims of abuse in their own relationships, perpetuating a cycle of violence. Understanding and navigating intimate relationships can be particularly challenging for these individuals.

3. Cognitive Development: Chronic exposure to stress and trauma can adversely affect a child's brain development, leading to cognitive deficits and difficulties with learning and memory (Shonkoff et al., 2012). These cognitive challenges can hinder academic and professional achievements, limiting opportunities for success.

4. Health Problems: The chronic stress associated with witnessing domestic violence can lead to long-term health issues, including cardiovascular disease, obesity, and other stress-related conditions. The physiological impact of sustained stress can compromise immune function and increase vulnerability to illness.

5. Substance Abuse: Adolescents and adults who witnessed domestic violence as children are at higher risk of substance abuse as a coping mechanism for their unresolved trauma (Anda et al., 2006). Substance abuse can further exacerbate mental health issues and lead to additional social and legal problems.

6. Intergenerational Trauma: The effects of domestic violence can span generations, with children of affected individuals more likely to experience violence in their own relationships. This intergenerational transmission of trauma underscores the importance of early intervention and support.

7. Social and Behavioural Problems: Long-term exposure to domestic violence can lead to persistent social and behavioural issues. These might include antisocial behaviour, difficulty maintaining employment, and trouble adhering to social norms and laws.

Intersectional and Anti-Racist Perspectives

An intersectional approach is crucial for understanding the nuanced experiences of children affected by domestic violence. Factors such as race, socio-economic status, gender, and disability intersect to shape the impact of violence on children differently.

Children from marginalised communities, particularly Black, Indigenous, and people of colour (BIPOC), may face additional barriers to accessing support services due to systemic racism and economic inequality. Research indicates that BIPOC children are disproportionately affected by the compounded stresses of racial discrimination and domestic violence (Gillum, 2019). These intersecting oppressions can exacerbate the psychological and emotional toll on these children.

Additionally, socio-economic factors play a significant role in the availability and accessibility of resources for children and families experiencing domestic violence. Families in lower socio-economic brackets may have limited access to mental health services, safe housing, and educational support, further entrenching the adverse effects of domestic violence.

Gender and Domestic Violence

Gender plays a critical role in the dynamics of domestic violence and its impact on children. Boys and girls may respond differently to witnessing violence, with boys more likely to exhibit externalising behaviours such as aggression, while girls may internalise their distress, leading to anxiety and depression. Understanding these gender differences is essential for providing appropriate support.

Furthermore, children who do not conform to traditional gender norms, including transgender and non-binary children, may face additional challenges. These children can experience heightened vulnerability due to discrimination and lack of understanding within both their families and broader society.

Cultural Sensitivity and Support

Cultural sensitivity is paramount in addressing the impact of domestic violence on children. Different cultural backgrounds influence how families perceive and handle domestic violence. Providing culturally competent support means understanding and respecting these differences while offering appropriate and effective interventions.

For instance, in some cultures, family honour and reputation are highly valued, and disclosing domestic violence may be seen as shameful. Professionals working with such families need to approach the issue with sensitivity and provide assurance of confidentiality and support without judgment.

Progressive Therapeutic Collective (PTC): Supporting Victims and Survivors

Progressive Therapeutic Collective (PTC) is dedicated to supporting victims and survivors of family and domestic violence. As a gender-affirming and inclusive practice, PTC offers comprehensive counselling and therapeutic services tailored to the unique needs of individuals and families affected by domestic violence. Our approach integrates evidence-based therapies with a deep understanding of the intersectional factors that influence the experiences of survivors, ensuring that all clients receive empathetic, culturally competent, and effective care.

Effective Interventions and Support Strategies

Addressing the impact of domestic violence on children requires a multi-faceted approach that includes immediate interventions and long-term support. Effective strategies include:

1. Therapeutic Interventions: Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy (TF-CBT) and play therapy have proven effective in helping children process their experiences and develop healthy coping mechanisms. These therapies provide a safe space for children to express their emotions and work through their trauma.

2. Parental Support: Supporting the non-abusive parent is crucial for the well-being of children. Providing resources and counselling for the parent can enhance their ability to provide a stable and supportive environment for their children.

3. Educational Support: Schools play a critical role in supporting children affected by domestic violence. Training teachers and staff to recognise signs of distress and providing counselling and academic support can help mitigate the impact on children's education.

4. Community Resources: Access to community resources such as shelters, support groups, and legal assistance is vital. These resources can provide immediate safety and long-term support for families escaping violence.

5. Policy and Advocacy: Advocating for policies that protect children and provide funding for domestic violence services is essential. Ensuring that laws and regulations prioritise the safety and well-being of children can create a supportive framework for intervention and prevention.

Conclusion

The impact of domestic violence on children is multifaceted, with both immediate and long-term consequences that can shape their emotional, psychological, and physical development. Understanding these effects through an intersectional and anti-racist lens is essential for providing effective support and interventions. By acknowledging the diverse experiences of children and addressing the systemic barriers they face, we can work towards breaking the cycle of violence and promoting healthier, more resilient futures for all children.

References

• Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Walker, J. D., Whitfield, C., Perry, B. D., ... & Giles, W. H. (2006). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256(3), 174-186.

• Dube, S. R., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Edwards, V. J., & Croft, J. B. (2002). Adverse childhood experiences and personal alcohol abuse as an adult. Addictive Behaviors, 27(5), 713-725.

• Gillum, T. L. (2019). The intersection of intimate partner violence and race/ethnicity: Understanding the complexities. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 20(5), 595-606.

• Shonkoff, J. P., Boyce, W. T., & McEwen, B. S. (2012). Neuroscience, molecular biology, and the childhood roots of health disparities: Building a new framework for health promotion and disease prevention. JAMA, 301(21), 2252-2259.